Surface roughness has been shown to have a beneficial effect on cell differentiation and proliferation in in-vitro studies of osteoblast-like cells cultured on similar roughened titanium materials^7,8

In-vitro studies have reported greater osteoblastic differentiation in human stem cells cultured on similar porous titanium constructs compared to solid titanium surfaces⁹

• In-vivo studies with similar porous titanium materials show that bony in-growth is increased at the 500-700 μm pore size range compared to larger or smaller pores^10-12
• The porosity of cancellous human bone is typically 50-90%¹³
• Based on this published science, CONDUIT™ Implants are designed with 80% porosity and 700 μm pore size^2,14

Similar titanium materials with nanoscale features have shown in in-vitro studies to lead to increased osteoblast adhesion when compared to conventional titanium materials¹⁵

• All CONDUIT Implants undergo acid etching and heat treatment to promote micro-and nanoscale surface roughness¹

Ability to clearly visualize the cage intra-and post-operatively on imaging modalities without interference^3,4

80% porosity²:

• High radiographic visibility allows for better contouring, endplate-implant contact evaluation and absence of tantalum marker scattering intra-and post-operatively
• Clear visualization of the implant on X-Ray, absence of scattering on CT Scan and diminished artifacts in MRI^3,4

Modulus of Elasticity similar to cancellous bone^5,6 Proprietary 3D printing technology leads to cellular design that offers Modulus of Elasticity of titanium similar to bone⁵

• Highly porous surface area and implant footprint variety that allows for maximum endplate-implant contact¹⁶